Facts are not allowed in Wikipedia
In Wikipedia (as of February 28, 2014), the entry on psychic Eileen Garrett includes the following:
While Garrett might have been disappointed with her results, someone should have explained to her that from a statistical perspective her performance was astoundingly good and did support the idea of providing "clairvoyance to order."
Wikipedia's entry on Rhine and his ESP card test results is equally flawed. For details read the book, ESP After Sixty Years, on Google books. It shows that Rhine and his colleagues were well aware of all of the criticisms of their methods (sensory leakage, selective reporting, recording errors, etc.), they responded to those critiques by steadily improving and testing the new methods, and they showed that the ESP interpretation remained valid. That book also shows that dozens of other investigators had tried to replicate Rhine's work and that cumulatively they were successful. This book is also the forerunner of modern meta-analysis.
Update 1: When the Wikipedia entry on Garrett was edited by referring to this blog post, the correction was removed in 6 hours, citing my post as an "unreliable source." This would be funny if it wasn't so silly. I am simply pointing out a mathematical fact. I guess facts are not allowed on Wikipedia.
Update 2: There is a discussion on Wikipedia where editors assert that parapsychology is a pseudoscience, and this is why it doesn't deserve a balanced article. I guess some simply cannot accept that parapsychology is an elected affiliate in good standing with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as I describe here on my evidence page. The AAAS is the world's largest scientific organization and as such it represents the scientific mainstream. To be an affiliate of the AAAS an organization must be approved by the AAAS Council and it must be consistent with the objectives of the AAAS: "To further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among them, to foster scientific freedom and responsibility, to improve the effectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare, and to increase public understanding and appreciation of the importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress." The Parapsychological Association, which I've been President of four times, is strongly in favor of these objectives. We are especially in favor of promoting scientific freedom to seriously investigate any topic without prejudice. That aspiration is apparently prohibited on Wikipedia.
The AAAS does not tolerate pseudoscience, nor does it include any so-called "skeptical organizations" in its list of affiliates. Wikipedia editors are ignoring the fact that parapsychology is sanctioned as legitimate by mainstream science. This is yet another fact disallowed on Wikipedia.
If Wikipedia was really interested interested in being a neutral, fact-based encyclopedia, it would disallow editorial prejudice from distorting articles on controversial topics, and it would end the ridiculous policy of allowing anyone, regardless of expertise, to edit articles anonymously. I urge readers of my blog to regularly view the Wikipediocracy site, which is doing a good job in exposing major problems with Wikipedia across all disciplines.
Update 3: The above-mentioned discussion on Wikipedia has been archived. A saved version of the same discussion is also available here. See the comments on this post from Ben for more details.
Garrett took part in "clairvoyance" tests. One of the tests was organised by Joseph Rhine at Duke University in 1933 which involved cards with certain symbols that were placed in a sealed envelope and participants were asked to guess their contents. Garrett scored 2,433 correct hits in 10,900 cards. She performed poorly and later criticised the tests by claiming that the cards lacked a psychic energy called "energy stimulus" and that she could not perform clairvoyance to order.J. B. Rhine's ESP experiments involved the use of card decks with 5 symbols, so the probability of a correct guess was 1 in 5 or 0.2. That means with 10,900 cards guessed the chance expected number of correct guesses was 2,180. The exact cumulative binomial probability of Garrett's 2,433 hits out of 10,900 guesses in a standard ESP card test is associated with a probability of p = 0.000000001, which in turn is associated with a z score of 5.97. This is close to the estimate
z = (hits - N/5)/sqrt(Npq), where N = number of guesses, p = 0.2 and q = 1-p, or
z = (2433 - (10900/5))/sqrt(10900 * .2 * .8) = 6.06.
While Garrett might have been disappointed with her results, someone should have explained to her that from a statistical perspective her performance was astoundingly good and did support the idea of providing "clairvoyance to order."
Wikipedia's entry on Rhine and his ESP card test results is equally flawed. For details read the book, ESP After Sixty Years, on Google books. It shows that Rhine and his colleagues were well aware of all of the criticisms of their methods (sensory leakage, selective reporting, recording errors, etc.), they responded to those critiques by steadily improving and testing the new methods, and they showed that the ESP interpretation remained valid. That book also shows that dozens of other investigators had tried to replicate Rhine's work and that cumulatively they were successful. This book is also the forerunner of modern meta-analysis.
Update 1: When the Wikipedia entry on Garrett was edited by referring to this blog post, the correction was removed in 6 hours, citing my post as an "unreliable source." This would be funny if it wasn't so silly. I am simply pointing out a mathematical fact. I guess facts are not allowed on Wikipedia.
Update 2: There is a discussion on Wikipedia where editors assert that parapsychology is a pseudoscience, and this is why it doesn't deserve a balanced article. I guess some simply cannot accept that parapsychology is an elected affiliate in good standing with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as I describe here on my evidence page. The AAAS is the world's largest scientific organization and as such it represents the scientific mainstream. To be an affiliate of the AAAS an organization must be approved by the AAAS Council and it must be consistent with the objectives of the AAAS: "To further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among them, to foster scientific freedom and responsibility, to improve the effectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare, and to increase public understanding and appreciation of the importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress." The Parapsychological Association, which I've been President of four times, is strongly in favor of these objectives. We are especially in favor of promoting scientific freedom to seriously investigate any topic without prejudice. That aspiration is apparently prohibited on Wikipedia.
The AAAS does not tolerate pseudoscience, nor does it include any so-called "skeptical organizations" in its list of affiliates. Wikipedia editors are ignoring the fact that parapsychology is sanctioned as legitimate by mainstream science. This is yet another fact disallowed on Wikipedia.
If Wikipedia was really interested interested in being a neutral, fact-based encyclopedia, it would disallow editorial prejudice from distorting articles on controversial topics, and it would end the ridiculous policy of allowing anyone, regardless of expertise, to edit articles anonymously. I urge readers of my blog to regularly view the Wikipediocracy site, which is doing a good job in exposing major problems with Wikipedia across all disciplines.
Update 3: The above-mentioned discussion on Wikipedia has been archived. A saved version of the same discussion is also available here. See the comments on this post from Ben for more details.
Comments
Therefore, since your blog is one of the more consulted sources on this, I have a strategy - a suggestion that you write a new post countering that statement, so as to act as a vector of change.
My suggestion is to write a post called "A Counter for the Wikipedia Rationale for the Marginalization for Parapsychology" - which will refute that exact point - not to emphasize that there exist "fringe rebuttals", but rather, to refute the assertion that parapsychology is universally sneered at by the scientific community.
As a beginning item, it would help to first note the information about the inclusion of the PA in the AAAS, exactly as you did in your "show me the evidence" intro.
Then note the 2006 inclusion of ESP as a "pseudoscience" by the NSF, but later retraction of that inclusion, as you wrote in an email to me.
Then note the results from the 2005 Gallup pool that 3/4 of Americans believe in the paranormal: http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx
but much more importantly, the following NBC news story - "Does education fuel paranormal beliefs?", which states "Believe it or not, higher education is linked to a greater tendency to believe in ghosts and other paranormal phenomena, according to a new study.": http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10950526/ns/technology_and_science-science/#.UxLjePldWSo
Then note the surveys of academic opinion regarding parapsychology showing that there is widespread INDEPENDENT support in ANONYMOUS surveys, that only declines when you get to surveys in institutions like the NSF. Sources of such surveys, from which you might wish to extract information, are as follows:
1)http://en.wikademia.org/Surveys_of_academic_opinion_regarding_parapsychology
2) This section of the following article from Dossey, entitled "Widespread Interest": http://www.explorejournal.com/article/S1550-8307(12)00219-4/fulltext#sec6
You may want to include more such examples, as you see fit.
However, there are some problems with the views of the higher ups, as follows:
1) I noted in comments to your "show me the evidence" blog the following:
"the mainstream media attacked and discredited the US remote viewing program, but there is an incredible discrepancy between that attack and the statements of former president Jimmy Carter on the very high accuracy of one participant in the program as presented here: http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5187"
2) I gave you the reply by Honorton and Utts to the NRC showing that the NRC attack on parapsychology was a coverup - you might want to include it and flesh out further details.
...and the references in it accounting for psi within the framework of the Orthodox von Neumann interpretation of QM, as well as the articles from a current leading proponent of that view, Henry Stapp, who refuted Hofstadter's claim about Bem presentiment experiments, "If any of his claims were true, then all of the bases underlying contemporary science would be toppled, and we would have to rethink everything about the nature of the universe.": http://www-physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/Reason01132012.doc
and has put forth arguments accounting for the information in "Irreducible Mind", which provides the outlines of a "theory" for psi, within the framework of the orthodox von Neumann interpretation of QM: http://www-physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/Compatibility.pdf
http://wikipediocracy.com/2012/12/23/jimmy-wales-in-the-dictator-and-i/
The best thing to do with Wikipedia is to discredit it for the fraud it is.
Yet he himself considered the physical mediumship of Stella Cranshaw to be completely genuine, and this apparently warrants no mention by them: http://www.harrypricewebsite.co.uk/Seance/Stella/stella-intro.htm
And Price is problematic, because of accusations of fraud not related to his psychical research. Richard Morris, his biographer, stated (p. 108 of this: http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP3.5May07..pdf): "Dear Paul
In Leslie Price’s even-handed review of my biography about Harry Price he said that in the book I don’t always draw the obvious conclusion and cites the cases of William Hope and Rudi Schneider.
First off, I concluded that Price faked evidence against Rudi because of the strong evidence in favour of it. I’m not so sure whether he faked evidence in the Hope case but it seems likely. I wrote that although Harry stated that he passed the supposedly faked plate to an independent photographer to develop they were in fact developed by one of Harry’s close friends, Charles Reginald Haines. Haines was also implicated in Price’s attempt at passing off fake antiquities and a staged robbery at a village church in the 1920s.
My statements regarding Stella Cranshaw having had an abortion followed on from careful analysis of her letters, Price’s replies, her medical condition and her sudden switches of behaviour – which 3 independent psychologists said were symptomatic of some type of deep trauma. The pregnancy and abortion are supposition, but my duty, as Price’s biographer, was to work out why Stella may have acted in the way she did. My conclusions were based on her close relationship with Price and his subsequent relationship with other women.
Yours faithfully
Richard Morris"
Harry Price is suspicious, because his denunciation of Helen Duncan, one of the most ridiculed mediums currently (due to photographs which the debater in the Schneider case claims have a contradictory origin - he privately gave information on that to me - I might flesh the information out later, but for now, regarding Duncan in general, "Helen Duncan: The Mystery Show Trial" is interesting), is in complete conflict with the endorsement of her by the magician Will Goldston: http://whitecrowbooks.com/features/page/helen_duncan_confounds_the_magicians_by_will_goldston
Like Mirabelli, it is important with Price to rely on reliable corroboration from others.
The main medium Home is compared to is William Eglinton - he is famous in SPR history because it was revealed by a person initially impressed with him that conjuring tricks could produce Slate writing phenomena convincingly. The wikipedia article on Eglinton states, "The levitations of Eglinton were also revealed as tricks.[4]"
However, the source cited, a skeptic source (with aspects refuted in my site) Barry Wiley. (2012). The Thought Reader Craze: Victorian Science at the Enchanted Boundary. McFarland. p. 35, states, "the prominent American illusionist Harry Kellar, while appearing in Calcutta in 1882, admitted he had been baffled by the mediumistic effects and levitation of the English medium William Eglinton[12]. Eglinton was exposed as a fraud several year later."
A.C. Doyle attempts to refute the fraud charge - search "Archdeacon Colley" in the following: http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0301061.txt
But more importantly, an examination of the source reveals misrepresentation in the wikipedia article.
Footnote 12 - available to the public on google books (I obtained the citations via that and amazon preview) - occurs on p. 207 of Wiley's book: Harry Kellar, A Magician's Tour (Chicago: Donohue, Henneberry, 1891), pp. 168-172
As cited, this does not demonstrate that the levitations were fraudulent tricks. On p. 173 of the text cited, it is revealed that though Kellar was able to reproduce other phenomena (though there is the statement that Kellar "makes no claim to performing the tricks by the same means Mr. Eglinton used"), he never was able to account for the Levitation, which, on p. 171, he describes the baffling nature of. See here for the source cited: http://books.google.com/books?id=JxkuAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Harry+Kellar,+A+Magician%27s+Tour&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VUT1Utu1KsuFogTbg4CwCg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Harry%20Kellar%2C%20A%20Magician's%20Tour&f=false
So the attempt to claim Home was a fraud by spurious comparison to Eglinton is - well - spurious.
The following article attempts to defend Slade, challenging most of the skepticism of him, but nevertheless notes an exposure by Hodgson that if read, while not proving fraud, suggests it: https://ia601200.us.archive.org/13/items/NotesonSpiritualismandPsychicalResearch/NotesonHenrySlade.pdf
As an example of puzzling phenomena produced by Slade, "Transcendental Physics" by Zollner records a table vanishing and reappearing in Slade's presence: http://www.freewebs.com/afterlife/articles/Table.htm
Hereward Carrington attempted to explain away all the phenomena of Slade in the Zollner investigation, on p. 28 he, in my view, failed to account for this: https://archive.org/stream/physicalphenome00carrgoog#page/n50/mode/2up
A.C. Doyle may have been credulous in some cases, but I don't think he was insincere, and he is useful as a historian - on p. 301 of "A History of Spiritualism", vol. 1, he states reasons for putting faith in Zollner's account: https://archive.org/stream/historyofspiritu015638mbp#page/n315/mode/2up
Slade was endorsed by a leading magician. Still, Doyle notes later fraud in Slade's career - exposed by spiritualists - this of course needs to be read with the previous defense of Slade in mind. Doyle's rival Houdini cannot be considered reliable though - Houdini literally fabricates things in his book: https://ia700604.us.archive.org/25/items/someitems/Houdini.AMagicianAmongTheSpiritsJsprVolume21_pg340to341.pdf
On pp. 103-105, Zollner discusses something else that is very interesting that I find it difficult to account for - I could not find reference to a "shell" in this context in Carrington's book, and he describes modifications to the temperature in a way that is difficult to account for: http://books.google.com/books?id=g9cRAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=transcendental+physics+zollner&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CS_1UtXnM6iY2wXahYGwAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=shell&f=false
William Barrett gives the proper view on Slade - defending Transcendental physics by Zollner (much was produced in that aside from Slate writing that is more important), though noting the importance with doubt with him - it is obvious that there must be corroboration, and phenomena, like that cited, that self-evidently defy traditional naturalism: https://archive.org/stream/onthresholdofuns00barr#page/84/mode/2up
Barrett has been attacked, his book is a defense of him in itself. Edward Clodd and Joseph McCabe were critics of Barrett, but they are not reliable sources, as is proven here: http://monkeywah.typepad.com/paranormalia/2013/12/there-probably-is-an-afterlife.html?cid=6a00d8341c6d8553ef019b02fda242970c#comment-6a00d8341c6d8553ef019b02fda242970c
I make statements about Hornby that requires access to google books to verify, but hornby actually gives a counter to Balfour's account - I quote the last line, but I should have quoted the entire passage - this people with google books can access. A full defense of F.W.H. Myers from the charges against him - Myers was in many ways the precursor to Rhine - he coined the term "telepathy" - occurs on my site.
And though I expressed reserve about some of the earlier phenomena associated with the theosophists, noting a defense but only putting it forth as a defense, without necessarily investing too much energy into it - it just exists as a source for people who care to balance against critical sources, there appears to be a clear case of clairvoyance associated with Besant, as you described on p. 20 of "Debating Psychic Experience" - she clairvoyantly anticipated the discovery of the isotope of neon for which Francis Aston won the Nobel prize: http://www.scribd.com/doc/94892851/Debating-Psychic-Experiences
The following also relates indirectly to Myers - Blackmore has been criticized by the authors of Irreducible Mind for misrepresenting the facts on the following issue -as cited (p. 395), "In 1863 Mr. Wilmot and his sister Miss Wilmot were on a ship traveling from Liverpool, England, to New York, and for much of the journey they were in a severe storm. More than a week after the storm began, Mrs. Wilmot, in Connecticut and worried about the safety of her husband, had an experience, while she was awake during the middle of the night, in which she seemed to go to her husband's stateroom on the ship, where she saw him asleep in the lower birth and another man in the upper birth looking at her. She hesitated, kissed her husband, and left. The next morning Mr. Wilmot's roommate asked him, apparently somewhat indignantly, about the woman who had come into their room during the night. Miss Wilmot added her testimony, saying that the next morning, before she had seen her brother, the roommate asked her if she had been in to see Mr. Wilmot during the night, and when she replied no, he said that he had seen a woman come into their room in the middle of the night and go to Mr. Wilmot."
F.W.H. Myers gives full details on the case here: http://www.esalen.org/ctr-archive/book-hpsurvival.html#p20005ff88850i-682001
Now, later here I intend to defend mesmerism before defending some other mediumship - and the precursors to parapsychology - the miscellaneous phenomena is already covered in this bibliography to the extent that it can be, with skeptical and proponent views expressed: monkeywah.typepad.com/files/miscellaneous-phenomena.doc
to bypass the wikipedia biased coverage of poltergeists, see (some of these people, like Cornell, I disagree with on other issues): http://monkeywah.typepad.com/paranormalia/poltergeists.html
But for now, as a preliminary item before further posts are made, I will note that most skeptics are obviously motivated by apriori assumptions - believing that to acknowledge this would be to accept "miraculous anomalies" that are in conflict with "well established" universals. A rebuttal to this comes from Andrew Lang's "Cock Lang and Common-Sense", which has been strangely cited by counter-adovcates as confirming their contentions - the following review shows why such citation by counter-advocates is fallacious: http://books.google.com/books?id=sUPYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA423&lpg=PA423&dq=cock+lane+and+common+sense+joseph+of+cupertino&source=bl&ots=IsLmV4wL0L&sig=QDD9v-FjBGkL_TRuB2opiX-YWGQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3UMcU5fFF9XqoATf8YGICg&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=cock%20lane%20and%20common%20sense%20joseph%20of%20cupertino&f=false
This uniformity, to a certain extent, is not surprising, for savage, classical, and modern spiritualism all repose on the primæval animistic hypothesis as their metaphysical foundation. The origin of this hypothesis-namely, that disembodied intelligences exist and are active-is explained by anthropologists as the result of early reasonings on life, death, sleep, dreams, trances, shadows, the phenomena of epilepsy, and the illusions of starvation. This scientific theory is, in itself, unimpeachable; normal phenomena, psychological and physical, might suggest most of the animistic beliefs. {35}
At the same time 'veridical hallucinations,' if there are any, and clairvoyance, if there is such a thing, would do much to originate and confirm the animistic opinions. Meanwhile, the extraordinary similarity of savage and classical spiritualistic rites, with the corresponding similarity of alleged modern phenomena, raises problems which it is more easy to state than to solve. For example, such occurrences as `rappings,' as the movement of untouched objects, as the lights of the séance room, are all easily feigned. But that ignorant modern knaves should feign precisely the same raps, lights, and movements as the most remote and unsophisticated barbarians, and as the educated Platonists of the fourth century after Christ, and that many of the other phenomena should be identical in each case, is certainly noteworthy. This kind of folklore is the most persistent, the most apt to revive, and the most uniform. We have to decide between the theories of independent invention; of transmission, borrowing, and secular tradition; and of a substratum of actual fact."
So in this case, unless one assumes an ubiquitous "psychical/spiritualistic hoaxing gene", which is an absurd proposal, the argument from miracles would seem to be refuted, as instead of dealing with anomalies contradicting universals, we are dealing with universals (albiet more elusive), that seem to be in conflict with more common universals, but may in reality just require an expanded naturalism - perhaps expanded beyond our present conceptions, though that, for mature people, shouldn't be a problem. From this we can conclude that cases of fraud, rather than being the defining nature of the phenomena, are deviations from the underlying "substratum of actual fact." However, the cultural nature of the Spiritualist movement encouraged fraud (implicit commercialism, desire to produce "phenomena" to satisfy customers, etc.), and differed from other cases (e.g. - those under Iamblichus, by their nature, are more credible at face value, excepting the scientific investigations of the modern mediums - on this,it is important to note what James Hyslop said of Spiritualists, in a review attacking a book of Clodd, that "Their credulity and unscientific methods are the cause of such books, and they will receive no mercy until they yield to the demands of science. But their faults are not an adequate excuse for bias and misrepresentation from the other side."). Regarding Iamblichus, though, it is interesting that Andrew Lang, on p. 339 of his Making of Religion, stated, "The interesting point, historically, is the combination in Home of all the repertoire of the possessed men in Iamblichus."
add to your evidence database "The physical phenomena of spiritualism: The Fraudulent and the Genuine" (a very useful defense of DD Home) by Carrington and, if you feel comfortable with it, his book "Eusapia Palladino and her phenomena" in "mind matter interaction", alongside the other DD Home related material, and the reply to the NRC given above in the "general overviews and critiques" section. It can be easy to get bogged down with references, but those three cover appropriate, reference the early history in some depth, and might help people with their research - in a skeptical, but less biased way than wikipedia's a priori dismissals. If you get a chance to read Trevor Hamilton's book on FWH Myers, that may be good also, since the book is recent, and some of the most interesting mental mediumship ever related to him - he is to mental mediumship what Eben Alexander is to the NDE.
Regarding meteorites, though, its initial adherents were held to be the "superstitious" that Dingwall denigrates.
Modern skepticism has taken on the thought control aspects that Dingwall criticizes the Christians for.
The criticism of Rhine that he makes is countered by point 26 on p.143 of "ESP After 60 Years": http://books.google.com/books?id=BOf6-nVjVTIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ESP+after+sixty+years&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Pf0QU5WWItHloATm44LYCw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=sesnory%20leakage&f=false
In spite of this, Dingwall compiled strong evidence for Joseph of Cupertino in his works, praised very highly Everard Feilding of the Fielding report on Eusapia Palladino, and he also praised D.D. home, writing a review listed in the SPR bibliography in the same time period when he wrote the article in "The Skeptics Handbook of Parapsychology" given above - this book counters all the major allegations against Home:
Jenkins, Elizabeth. THE SHADOW AND THE LIGHT, reviewed by E.J. Dingwall, Journal 52, 1983, pp. 143-7. Biography of the nineteenth century D.D. Home. ‘It is one of the best written and most original of the biographies, since the author not only writes as a believer in the genuine nature of the phenomena occurring with Home, but stresses the importance of dealing with Home as a person rather than simply as a medium and exposes the unworthiness of those who, when he was alive, sought to denigrate both him and his work…’ BR/PM/Biog/dh
perplexed by the pseudopod which appeared during a sitting given by the medium Stella C, and was also unable to explain a cold wind which he experienced when alone with Eva C in her cabinet.": http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4828/1/Academia_FT_Dingwall._Part_One.pdf
Dingwall made some important concessions on Eva C - correcting errors of modern skeptics. He stated - "not a shred of evidence exists which implicates Mme Bisson in anyway whatsoever with the alleged fraudulent aspect of the phenomena of Eva C.": http://books.google.com/books?id=4jJYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA310&lpg=PA310&dq=eva+c.bisson&source=bl&ots=0WVwg0FV3F&sig=n6e4IBVYfoOCbFfmmwtc_40KgBA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sG4dU_e1G4PsoASgn4GABQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=eva%20c.bisson&f=false
On p. 172 of Houdini's "Magician Among the Spirits", he stated that he believed that the Eva C phenomena was due to regurgitation: http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~mward/A-Magician-Among-the-Spirits-1.pdf
The SPR investigation also refuted the regurgitation hypothesis: http://books.google.com/books?id=rUDOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA338&focus=viewport&dq=editions:LCCN09022954&lr=&output=html
Shrenck-Notzing refuted the three main points of skepticism of Eva C. in aspects of his writing "The Phenomena of Materialization", that are reproduced here:
1) "The Rumination Hypothesis": http://www.survivalafterdeath.info/articles/notzing/rumination.htm
2) "Front Page Illustrations from the Journal Le Miroir": http://www.survivalafterdeath.info/articles/notzing/miroir.htm
3) and most importantly, "Expert Opinion on the Fraudulent use of Certain Materials in Producing Teleplasmic Images": http://www.survivalafterdeath.info/articles/notzing/expert.htm
The following overview of Eva C states: http://www.survivalafterdeath.info/mediums/beraud.htm
Says Professor Richet in Thirty Years of Psychical Research:
"The official reports of the séances lead to very distinct inferences; it seems that though the external conditions were unfavourable to success, some results were very clear and that it is impossible to refer the phenomena to fraud. Nevertheless, our learned colleagues of the SPR came to no conclusion. They admit that the only possible trickery is regurgitation. But what is meant by that? How can masses of mobile substance, organised as hands, faces and drawings be made to emerge from the oesophagus or the stomach? No physiologist would admit such power to contract those organs at will in this manner. How, when the medium's hands are tied and held could papers be unfolded, put away and made to pass, through a veil? The members of the SPR, when they fail to understand, say 'It is difficult to understand how this is produced.' Mr. Dingwall, who is an expert in legerdemain, having seen the ectoplasm emerge as a miniature hand, making signs before disappearing, says 'I attach no importance to this.' We may be permitted to remark that very great importance attaches to Mr. Dingwall's testimony."
Brian Inglis, in "Natural and Supernatural" and "Science and Parascience" counters all the items of skepticism against Eva C - including Rudolf Lambert's allegation of fraud on the part of Richet and Shrenck-Notzing - I do not have this on me, so I cannot reproduce it currently. I'll get into that, and also the refutation of allegations concerning Bien Boa, which if genuine, would be a replication of the Florence Cook phenomena, which I will defend further.
deception, others being Daniel Dunglas Home, and - initially - Willi Schneider."
That paper offers an observation by Dingwall that makes the Mina Crandon investigation - this medium Rhine despised, more difficult to dismiss as merely being the result of animal tissue used in fraudulent performances:
"The teleplasmic hand is arguably the most bizarre aspect of the ‘Margery’ sittings – whether genuine or faked. Here are some of Dingwall’s notes from sitting number 7:
In ten minutes rustling in Psyche’s [i.e. Margery’s] lap. Thought a mass of substance was in
Psyche’s lap. Walter then directed my palm to be put up on middle of table, near the edge.
Then for five minutes – palm struck by cool, clammy apparently disc-like object; on repeated
flicks being given to my hand. I noticed that the shape of the object was constantly changing.
It appeared to lengthen and to widen, and occasionally parts appeared to be thickened, as if
some internal mechanism was causing a swelling in parts of the mass. At times two distinct
pressures at least were felt, the sensation being as if crude, clammy, unformed fingers were
pressing both the lower portions of my fingers, and also the upper at the same time. This
pressure was sometimes increased to 2½-3 pounds, and when the substance was drawn
from the hand it always appeared to be slightly viscous.
[Dingwall 1928, p.107]": http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4828/2/Academia_FT_Dingwall._Part_Two.pdf
Inglis also covers the Crandon case in "Science and Parascience".
Some defense of Eglinton has already been given, but regarding the Davey Slate-writing item, while it could be shown that slate writing could be cleverly imitated by conjuring tricks, but the question is - could this account for more interesting examples of the slate writing of Eglinton and Slade? The relevance of the Hodgson-Davey item is countered by the testimony of Angelo Lewis (professor Hoffman, the magician) and others: http://books.google.com/books?id=02YAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA373&lpg=PA373&dq=%22on+the+other+hand,+I+do+not+believe+the+cleverest+conjurer+could,+under+the+same+conditions,+use+trickery+in+the+wholesale+way+necessary&source=bl&ots=Aex0ZR8rw4&sig=Yc3P2uR1ORSsc4uZjQDZxlylsE8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NYYmU_nkMsLzoASG2YDIBg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22on%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20I%20do%20not%20believe%20the%20cleverest%20conjurer%20could%2C%20under%20the%20same%20conditions%2C%20use%20trickery%20in%20the%20wholesale%20way%20necessary&f=false
"A good case of direct writing is related as having occurred about this time by Dr. Nichols, who had removed from Malvern to 32, Fopstone Road, Earl's Court, S.W. It occurred on the 9th September. "At a seance last night, in the presence of three other persons and Mr. Eglinton, the materialised form of 'Joey' made in our presence about twenty yards of white drapery, which certainly never saw a Manchester loom. The matter of which it was formed was visibly gathered from the atmosphere, and later melted into invisible air. I have seen at least a hundred yards so manufactured. Then 'Joey' said, 'Dr. Nichols, I have got into a great row about that Greek, which you transcribed imperfectly.' He then selected two small slates from a pile of new ones lying on the mantel-shelf, and handed them to me to be cleaned. I rubbed them both thoroughly, and so did each of the three other — one of them using a wet cloth. 'Joey' then borrowed my knife, whittled a piece of slate pencil, bit off a piece of it, and placed it between the two slates, and then carefully wrapped up both in a piece of newspaper. This was all done in the centre of the small room, quite away from the medium, and in plain sight of all. Then, at his request, I moved my chair forward, and sitting facing 'Joey' held one corner of the slates with my left hand, as he did the other corner with his right, and I laid the fingers of my right hand on the fingers of his left. Instantly we heard the sound of writing on the slates. In a few moments three little raps told us the writing was done, and I pushed back into my place, holding the slates. At the end of the seance we found on one slate a message for Mrs. Nichols from the late Dr. Ferguson, signed with his name in his well-known handwriting, and on the other, in a very neat and delicate hand, each letter almost separately written, the following: — 'The message in Greek has been imperfectly transcribed by you.
Translate as written below, and you have the proverb in its correct and original meaning:
[Greek in text]
The fifth word is underscored, as you will see on the slate I leave for your inspection.' Now, one fact, for what it is worth, is as good as a million. Here is a Greek sentence twice written under absolute test conditions, in the presence of several persons, by some invisible intelligence, between two slates closely bound and firmly held together. The medium was not near the slates. They were prepared by a human form, which was not that of any one of the five persons in the room. Not one of those five persons could write the shortest sentence in Greek. Not one of them knew that there was such a proverb in that language."
On pp. 116-119 of the biography, testimony is given regarding Eglinton's slate-writing describing situations precluding fraud - also, the personal nature of some of the message is discussed: https://archive.org/stream/twixttwoworldsna01farm#page/116/mode/2up
Such testimony abounds throughout the book. Colley, discussed previously, in spite of the arguments made against Eglinton - these arguments were challenged by Doyle, elsewhere wrote positively of Eglinton's phenomena - that "The medium was next entranced and carried by invisible power over the table several times, the heels of his boots being made to touch the head of our medical friend. Then he was taken to the further end of the dining room, and finally, after being tilted about as a thing of no weight whatever, was deposited quietly in his chair.": https://archive.org/stream/twixttwoworldsna01farm#page/14/mode/2up/search/colley
Further refutation occurs in Brian Inglis "Natural and Supernatural" (White Crow Books, p. 373), showing contradictions in versions of Wilhelm Wundt's statements against Zollner. On pp. 371-372, Inglis criticizes the entire premise of the report. The legitimacy of the trial of Slade in 1876 is called into question by AC Doyle in pp.294-298 of "A History of Spiritualism", vol. 1: https://archive.org/stream/historyofspiritu015638mbp#page/n307/mode/2up
And the legitimacy of the trial is questioned in further detail by Chris Carter, in the introduction to "Science and Psychic Phenomena". Of the Lankester allegation, Brian Inglis, in "Natural and Supernatural", p. 27, stated, that in contrast to Lankester's allegations, "Slate himself also wrote to The Times to claim that spirit writing had in fact been heard before the slate was snatched away".
Refutations of the other allegations occur in the defense of Slade given above. There remains the Aksakof allegation, but his is too vague to be evidential, and it related to a generally positive sitting.
It contains the following interesting item:
"Dr. George Wyld contributes important evidence on this point. He has kindly put down for me an exact record of a crucial experiment, which I append in his own words. The bearing of this fact upon such allegations as those on the faith of which Slade was adjudged by the public to be an impostor is plain to see : —
I expected to be called as a witness in the second trial of Slade, and as Professor Lancaster's evidence was that "there was no time to produce the writing, and that therefore it had, in his case, been previously prepared," it seemed to me most important to be able to swear that writing could be produced by spirit-power with a rapidity beyond the capacity of human hands.
Accordingly, I visited Slade, who readily consented to make a trial as I suggested.
We sat down to his usual table. Slade sat with his left hand resting on the table, and with his right band he held an ordinary slate, on which was placed the customary bit of slate-pencil. This slate he passed steadily but rapidly below the corner of the flap of the table at his right hand. Each time he so passed it I examined the slate. He so passed it two or three times, without any result; but at last, after passing it as usual, on its emergence from below the flap of the table I found these words written in dusty slate-pencil writing "Let this convince you."
I could not time Slade's actions while in progress, but subsequently I imitated his mode of passing the slate as closely as I possibly could, and my friends found that the operation occupied from three-quarters of a second to a second and a half. I then timed the writing, and could find no one capable of writing the words in less than three seconds.
I considered at the time, and still consider, this experiment a complete refutation of Professor Lankester's objection as to time.
Geo. Wtld, M.D.
12 Great Cumberland Place, Hyde Park,
December 30, 1877."
As regards the Zollner investigation, the previously posted defense of Slade had two excerpts that were fitting in showing self evident proof for the Slade phenomena. First, regarding the Slate writing that occurred, conditions precluding trickery are described as follows:
pp. 39-40:"In order to repeat some observations with an accordion, in the presence of Home (which were made and published by Crookes and Huggins), besides the above-mentioned large hand-bell, an accordion had been brought by one of my friends. The bell was placed under the table, as in the morning, and Slade grasped the keyless end of the accordion (which he had never had in his hands before, but saw now for the first time) above, so that the side with keys hung down free. While Slade's left hand lay on the table, and his right, holding the upper part of the accordion above the table, was visible to us all, the accordion began suddenly to play, and at the same time the bell on the floor to ring violently. The latter could thus not be touching the floor with its edges during the ringing. Here upon Slade gave the accordion to Professor Scheibner, and requested him to hold it in the manner above described, as it might possibly happen that the accordion would play in his hand also, without Slade touching it at all. Scarcely had Scheibner the accordion in his hand, than it began to play a tune exactly in the same way, while the bell under the table again rang violently. Slade's hands meanwhile rested quietly on the table, and his feet, turned sideways, could be continually observed during this proceeding."
Stephen Braude notes, regarding that "shell" incident that I discussed previously, noted,in "Limits of Influence" (1997), p. 147, "Moreover, as Randall recognizes (p. 105), the shell's high temperature blocks the skeptic's move of supposing that Slade had merely distracted Zollner and Hoffman and palmed the shell, making it appear to have passed through the table. This gamibt does not explain how the shell could have been heated to a high temperature."
A wooden screen suddenly split across with a resounding crack (the slate-writing which followed explained 'it was not our intention to do harm. Forgive what has happened'). A string which Zollner was holding tied itself in knots, without Slade touching it. An accordion played while Scheibner was holding it with one hand, at the end away from the keys. A bell, left standing upright on the floor, began to ring, though nobody was near.
As the experiments proceeded, the manifestations proliferated, as if encouraged by the investigators' favorable reception. A candle lit itself, the spirits explaining 'fire is everywhere', and reminding them that flint could draw a spark. While Zollner and Weber were watching Slade, Scheibner felt his jacket being unbuttoned; his gold watch was taken out and placed in his hand. The following day a small table suddenly disappeared; later it floated down from the ceiling, giving Zollner a painful blow on the head. For a decisive proof Zollner asked Slade if he could arrange for two rings, each carved from a single piece of wood so that there were no joins, to be interlinked. When they were next examined they were not interlinked; but both were wrapped around a table leg, in such a way that it could not be taken off (and could not have been put on) without taking the table to pieces. When asked to leave some memento of itself, the spirit even obliged with the impression of a human foot on some sooted paper."
Finally, and especially considering that conditions precluding the fraudulent reproductions of conjurers has been noted, it is interesting to take note of the testimony of the conjuror Samuel Bellachini to the genuineness of the Slade phenomena, reproduced here: https://archive.org/stream/transcendentalph00zlrich#page/258/mode/2up
That review actually endorses Anita Gregory's work regarding Rudi Schneider, but concedes, "Morris makes only a brief mention of Anita Gregory's monumental study of the Rudi Schneider case (p.170), but I think her assessment of Price's general character is superior to his. Gregory did much to expose Price's mendacious politicking with other organisations, and she certainly thought he had faked one of the Schneider photographs. Yet her assessment of Price's character was not wholly negative. She wrote (Gregory, 1985, 139-140):
There can be no doubt, at least in my mind, that Price was genuinely devoted to psychical research and was anxious to establish it as a respectable subject in the universities. Unfortunately (and of this I feel quite certain), Price was also determined that he personally should be, and be seen to be, responsible for this innovation. He had a picture of himself as the great amateur scientist, presenting the world of learning with a new discipline."
Of the Rudi Schneider case, fist, consult the debate above, and pay attention to the word ALSO, capitalized thusly in one of the posts by the advocate "Open Mind", after the first page - these disprove the fraud assertion. Brian Inglis, in "Science and Parascience" (1984), pp. 252-253, "But there was another possibility, which Osty, understandably angry with Price, hinted at: that Price had actually faked the photographs. After examining the negatives in detail, Mrs Gregory realised there were good grounds for this suspicion. They were to be confirmed by Colin Brookes-Smith, a photographic expert, whose opinion was that in the photograph which Price had used to damn Rudi, Price had superimposed the extended arm with the help of a double exposure."
"Eglinton was a very powerful medium, and though he has been suspected of fraud, he was able finally to prove that the allegations of his enemies were calumnies. Moreover, the question is not to establish that he was never guilty of trickery (which is not easy in the case of a professional medium) but whether in certain definite instances striking metapyschic phenomena have been produced
(Erny, loc. cit., 159)."
This book that Richet cites by Erny is Le psychisme expérimental: étude des phénomènes psychiques: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55105785/f170.image
the text, to copy and paste into google translate for those who don't know french, begins here: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55105785/f170.texte
It continues onto p. 173
For simplicity, Richet summarizes some of the information:
"Miss Glyn, who did not believe in materializations, saw Eglinton at her own house, at a séance at which her father, her brother, and a friend were present. Eglinton was in the middle of this little circle, and his hands were held. Two forms appeared that could move and speak. Miss Glyn recognized them for her mother and her younger brother. The forms slowly disappeared.Phantoms are often too readily recognized, and the desire to secure this recognition detracts much from the value of the attestation.
Dr. Carter Blake, with five persons well known in English intellectual society, narrates that he saw by the side of Eglinton, who was sitting in an armchair, a tall brown form that melted into the medium's body.
The distinguished naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, in a letter to Erny, states that he saw Eglinton at a séance in a private house. By his side there appeared Abdullah, a materialized Oriental wearing sandals, a turban, and burnous; Eglinton being visible at the same time sitting in an armchair in evening dress. After the séance Eglinton was undressed and most carefully searched but neither sandals, turban, nor burnous were found.
Important séances were held at the house of the artist, J. Tissot, who has represented one result in a very beautiful picture. Eglinton sat in an armchair, close to Tissot, and stayed there the whole time. The doors were locked. After a brief space two forms appeared by Tissot's side. At first they were nebulous, but gradually became clear so that all their features could be seen. The male form had in his hand a kind of light with which he lit up the feminine form. M. Tissot recognized the latter, and, much moved, asked her to kiss him; she did so several times and her lips were seen to move.
Dr. Nichols experimented with Eglinton, putting him in a cage with a net over it. The doors of the cage were closed with sealed knots and the approaches to the cage were dusted with flour. The forms appeared outside the cage. Another time, at Dr. Nichols's house, in daylight, but behind closed curtains, there was a materialization in human form, which, in order to be recognized, raised the curtain to show itself in the daylight. It then slowly dematerialized till there remained nothing but the lower part of the body which vanished abruptly.
Florence Marryat and her husband assisted at a remarkable private séance in which they saw a whitish, cloudy substance emerge from the left hip of the medium; this cloud increased in size, condensed, and became a materialized form that stood before Eglinton. She also studied the materializations given by Mr.
Arthur Coleman who was not a professional medium. He was tied with cotton threads that would break at the least movement. Before the five sitters six forms appeared and were seen by the light of a gas-burner. During this time Coleman was entranced in the next room."
Of DD Home, he correctly wrote, (p. 38) on how the allegations of fraud were of no value, and simply read like cries of outrage against the phenomena.
Braude has, contrary to what you might expect from critics, been positively lauded by the philosopher David Ray Griffin in his "Parapsychology, Philosophy, and Spirituality", and obviously, the paranormal is a contentious subject, but Braude is considered a good enough source on it to be positively reviewed in the following reliable sources:
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2184638?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21103486730883
http://imprint.co.uk/pdf/15_2_br.pdf
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=0B5CD641A49E203C7E3CFA8E73252814.journals?fromPage=online&aid=241389
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011160610239#page-1
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11016-008-9185-2?LI=true - read here: http://ebookscentral.com/read-online/?title=Fools%E2%80%99+Gold%3F+The+Challenge+of+Real+World+Parapsychological+...&doc=Mamfwk1Gw2pj3H0686MaHZL14iQO4gsyuJEG-PiIEatu4SsddHEzNUhVS45hpH,tZ78PTqvkFGqSCCPBZ14sxas8SvGl1YFD.pdf
He is considered enough to author the following: Braude, Stephen E. (1998). Paranormal Phenomena, in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward Craig. Routledge, New York
Here are positive reviews of Brian Inglis' "Natural and Supernatural" ("Science and Parascience" is pt. II of that very book), from the backcover of the new edition:
"I believe it to be an extraordinarily important and valuable work, sensational in what it contains and even more so in its implications... he has piled up a mountain of evidence, searchingly examined and scrupulously evaluated." - Bernard Levin, The Times
"It has the two basic qualities which make books on history endure: it is both scholarly and readable." - Arthur Koestler, The Guardian
"A tour de force ... one of those works, like H.G. Wells Outline of History, that fires the imagination and leaves the reader feeling stunned, but excited." - Colin Wilson, Evening News
"Brian Inglis is eminently sensible and sane. In this massive survey, the evidence is presented in a soberly and scholarly way...
Natural and Supernatural is hard to fault." - The Economist
"Inglis brings to this book the same thoroughness and care that he shows in his other books... while I have not been converted, it has intensified mental conflict, and I admire and respect him for writing it." - Karl Sabbagh, New Scientist (back when it had a more liberal orientation)
"Cool, authoritative, and highly readable - a service to science and society." - Ray Brown, Psychology Today
The following supplements this release: http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/hpb-spr/hpbspr-h.htm
The following defends some of the alleged paranormal phenomena with Blavatsky: http://www.blavatskyfoundation.org/obituary.htm#
As for the "cup and saucer" materialization, the testimony of Sinnett counters skepticism: http://www.blavatskyarchives.com/cupandsaucer.htm
However, this does not discredit the Piper case. Allegations attacking Hodgson have recently been brought into public view - and the main item" discrediting" the work in the Piper case is a supposed "letter" alleging that Hodgson falsified the data with regards to the sitter Fiske. In the following SPR article comparing the "letter" to the actual facts, Pellew's brother's charges are found, even in the case of Fiske, to be completely spurious - thus either his brother, or Edward Clodd, the source of this letter, is impeached as a witness, not Hodgson - Hodgson is rehabilitated as a source on this issue: https://ia601200.us.archive.org/13/items/NotesonSpiritualismandPsychicalResearch/MunvesJGpsYoungerBrotherANoteJsprVolume60_pg401to405.pdf
He later modified his position slightly in "The Newer Spiritualism" based on the Browning and Merrifield allegations against Home - however, Stephen Braude, in "The Limits of Influence", 1997, p. 28, cites sources regarding contradictions in versions of Robert Browning's denunciations of Home, and Merrifield's denunciation of Home is likewise inadequate to establish fraud - as shown by G. Zorab's writing on the subject: http://www.deanradin.com/evidence/Zorab1971.pdf, http://www.deanradin.com/evidence/Merrifield1855.pdf
So it is accurate to say that Home was never caught in fraud.
With Henry Slade, we need to flesh out the details more in order to vindicate him. The initial charges were spurious. Chris Carter noted, in "Science and Psychic Phenomena" that "the legal evidence against Slade was weak. Even a historian favorably disposed toward Lankester and Donkin wrote that "both scientists turned out to be terrible witnesses; their observational skills, developed inanatomy and physiology labs, were useless in detecting fraud by professional cheats. ... Indeed, Lankester and Donkin apparently could not agree on anything much beyond their charge that Slade was an imposter.""
There are other interesting aspects of the Slade phenomena. "Psychography", aforementioned, quotes the following example (p. 72), "I saw Dr. Slade again. On this occasion I took two new-framed slates, which I marked. I particularly asked whether it was possible to get writing without puttingthe slate under the table, and was told it was quite possible. My two slates were then laid upon the table, with a tiny bit of pencil between ; and upon them, in the full daylight, we laid our four hands. I then distinctly heard the sound of writing, and, on liftingup the top slate, found these words written, but very badly : — " We cannot give you a communication, only a proof our power." I remarked that though one or two words (the word " communication," for instance) were very badly written, Dr. Slade at once read them. On my way from Dr. Slade's, this slate got broken to splinters — how, I know not"
This seems like a devastating set of exposures, but the first is merely a noting of a release of a foot from a slipper and a SUPPOSITION that therefore there was fraud, which is a non-sequitur, as he could have executed fraud with his slipper on - there is also no indication that foot-control was an important test condition of the seance - and there are many other explanations for the foot movement - see also, in the above provided defense of Slade, the phrase "surreptitious use of hand or foot" - or it could have been due to unconscious muscular action. For the second item, writing may have been visible on unwashed slates, but the very function of Slade's sittings was to produce messages on Slates that were initially clean - whether it was produced genuinely or fraudulently is a different manner. The fact that there were unwashed slates suggests carelessness on Slade's part, but not that there was an exposure of fraudulent methods. This is the best evidence against him, and it is astonishingly weak. It appears also that the commission duped Slade, as he was led to believe that the overall attitude had been positive, p. 13 states, "We received from Dr. Slade a written expression of his satisfaction with our treatment of him, which had been throughout, so he said, entirely fair and courteous, and of his willingness at any time hereafter to sit with us again, should we desire it and his engagements permit."
Podmore is completely overrated as an analyst. Elizabeth Jenkens notes, on p. 254 of her biography, "The Homes were in Nice in 1872 and Hamilton Aide, with Alphonse Karr the editor of Le Figaro, were able to attend a seance, Karr, who was noted for irony and skepticism, announcing that he should soon get to the bottom of the thing. They were shown into a large room, sparsely furnished, the tables, mostly of marble, without cloths, the scene brightly lit by a lamp on the centre table and twenty candles on the chimney piece. The visitors scanned the room narrowly but could detect no trace of apparatus or machinery; but presently a large arm-chair rushed violently towards them across the room, then the central table began to tilt so that they could see under it as well as over it. Podmore's suggested explanation for this type of phenomena is:-'the articles were probably, it may be suggested, held in position when the table was tilted by means of hairs or fine threads attached to Home's dress'. This ingenious supposition did not present itself to Hamilton Aide or to Karr, who was irritated and nonplussed."
some confusion has arisen on the nature of Podmore's account, thus we readthe wikipedia article alleging that Podmore found that the Fielding report contained contradictions as to who was holding the medium - the confusion is as follows - Podmore in "The Newer Spiritualism", pp. 127-131, took note of a "contradiction" between Palladino's left hand stroking vs. the left hand resting on "R."'s wrist - this is superficial criticism, and it referred to SEANCE 8. However, on his footnote, p. 131, he states that Carrington made different descriptions to the "contemporary account" - this might create some confusion. Carrington, however, was describing seance 9, Podmore previously was describing seance 8. See Carrington's descriptions on p. 274 of the following: http://books.google.com/books?id=aI9EAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP10&dq=hereward+carrington+mcclure%27s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t-L1Ur2SLc_voAS2y4HIDQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=I%20was%20holding%20both&f=false
Podmore asserted that there were inconsistencies with this account and p. 518 of the original report. My copy of the Fielding report is in the book "Sittings With Eusapia Palladino & Other Studies" with a forward by Dingwall. Podmore stated, "In his article in McClure's Magazine, reprinted in the Journal of the American S.P.R., Mr. Carrington, in a similar fashion, amplifies at a later date the contemporary notes. In relating that he felt his arm gripped by a hand, he says in the magazine article : "I was holding both of Eusapia's hands in mine. ... Her feet, knees, and head were also visible." But from the shorthand notes (Report, p. 518) it appears that one of Eusapia's hands was under the curtain, and nothing is said about the feet and knees being visible. Perhaps Mr. Carrington means that he would have seen them if he had looked under the table."
However, the McClure's article does not mention that both hands were visible, but that they were held and controlled. And on p. 228 of the book, corresponding to the relevant page of the report, we find his statement.
"C. I am touched on the left side by a hand.
C. I was holding both medium's hands in both of mine and she was squeezing tightly, one being clearly visible and one on the table under the curtain. Absolute control of right foot and leg; her right foot pressing strongly on my left foot in contact with my right.
B. I was holding the wrist of her left hand with my right hand on the table in full view of us all,-perfectly visible. My right knee against he left knee. My right foot under her left foot."
It's these subtle misrepresentations that abound in Podmore's work that make him problematic. James Hyslop questioned Podmore's reliability in cases where he made a priori dismissals (like physical phenomena) - see the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, vol. 13, June 1919, beginning on p. 354 of the pdf (p. 327 of the document): http://www.iapsop.com/archive/materials/aspr_proceedings/aspr_journal_v13_1919.pdf
For a self-evident macro-pk demonstration with Palladino that cannot be debunked, see the aforementioned book, pp. 217-219.
For strong criticism of Richard Hodgson's views on Palladino, see Alan Gauld, "The Founders of Psychical Research", pp. 233-241
Richet corroborates the Slade phenomena, noting, in"Thirty Years of Psychical Research", p. 410:
"P. Gibier also experimented with Slade (Le Spiritisme, Paris,
1882. Le Fakirisme Occidental).
Gibier first verified the force and frequency of the raps. On one occasion, so strong a knock was delivered on the middle of the table as to lead him to think it must be broken. During this time the feet and hands of the medium were well in sight. In a
daylight séance a chair placed forty inches away made a half turn and moved against the table.
"Subsequently in full daylight, a chest placed twenty-five inches away from his chair began to move, leaving the wall so slowly that we could verify that there was no contact between it and any other object; it then came and violently struck the table at which we were sitting.
"At ten different trials the slate held by Slade under the table was broken into several pieces. These slates were framed in very hard wood. We endeavoured to break them in the same way by striking them against the table, but never succeeded in even cracking them.
"Several times we have seen a framed slate leave Slade's hand, pass right under the table to the other side, and, when taken hold of, give the sensation of resistance as if another hand were holding the slate. We kept the hands of the medium in sight, and could see his two knees outside the table."
Richet also notes, regarding Slade (pp. 450-451): "Dr. Paul Gibier, an experienced physiologist and a careful
observer, testifies;
"We have seen more than a hundred times letters, drawings,
lines, and even whole phrases produced by a slight touch on
slates held by Slade, and even between two slates with which he had no contact. We had ourselves bought these slates in a shop
in Paris and marked them with our signature. When the writing
was produced on one slate only, this was usually done under
that corner of the table at which we happened to be. We kept
both the slate and Slade's fingers well in view; we ourselves
placed the pencil on the slate, but we were never able to get a
sight of the moving pencil. The slate oscillated slightly as if by
the pressure of the invisible writer" (Le Spiritisme, Paris, Doin,1887).
The experiment that Dr. Gibier regards as perhaps the best is
the following:
"I had brought several slates, among others two screwed together,
tied with string, sealed, and wrapped in paper . . , I
proposed that I should get an answer on two new slates that I
had brought in a napkin. I received permission, after having put
the traditional little pointer between the two, to sit on my slates.
Having then placed them on my chair I sat down and did not
let go of the slates till the whole weight of my body bore on
them. I then put my hands on the table along with Slade's hands,
and I felt and heard very clearly that writing was taking place
on the slates with which I was in contact. When this ended I
myself withdrew my two slates, and read the following words,
'Slates are difficult to influence; we will do what we can.' The writing was bad, but it was writing, and legible writing. Slade had not touched these slates."
Reading that, do take note that positive evidence in Keeler's favor is provided in the addendum to "What I saw at Cassadaga lake", pp. 18-20: https://archive.org/stream/whatisawatcassad00rich#page/18/mode/2up
Regarding Francis Ward Monck, the following account from Alfred Russell Wallace provides clear evidence for some genuine slate writing phenomena: https://archive.org/stream/psychographybym00mosegoog#page/n89/mode/2up/search/wallace
He was definitely caught in fraud during his career, but Doyle, acknowledging this, also notes a full fledged materialization observed in full light emanating from Monck, separating from him, and returning to him: https://archive.org/stream/historyofspiritu015638mbp#page/n323/mode/2up
The nature of this materialization of Monck helps us understand another situation - that of Mme. d'Esperance. The wikipedia article on her states, "In 1880 in a séance a spirit named "Yohlande" materialized, a sitter grabbed it and was revealed to be Elizabeth herself." However, the source for this assertion is "Spiritualism: A Popular History" by Joseph McCabe, p. 167, which does not cite any sources, except for d'Esperance's autobiography. which has descriptions of her extreme physical lack of ease - she stated, "All I knew was a horrible excruciating sensation of being doubled up and squeezed together, as I can imagine a hollow gutta percha doll would feel, if it had sensation, when violently embraced by its baby owner-. A sense of terror and agonising pain came over me, as though I was losing hold of life and was falling into some fearful abyss, yet knowing nothing, hearing nothing, except the echo of a scream I heard as at a distance. I felt I was sinking down, I knew not where. I tried to save myself, to grasp at something, but missed it; and then came a blank from which I awakened with a shuddering horror and sense of being bruised to death."
There was an allegation, and as for refutation, I am unable to get a copy of "Medium and Daybreak", Sept. 10, pp. 577-83, which has has been cited as a defense of d'Esperance against the allegation ("The Darkened Room" by Alex Owen (1989), p. 285n62). Hopefully it will be up soon. But for now, it is important to establish that there were compelling counter-examples with d'Esperance in order to move the case in her favor. When that excerpt from M & D becomes available, it will be added as a reference.
To start, while the earlier pages from the Sept. 1880 edition are not available, the later pages are. p. 613 describes precautions against fraud, and then a full materialization - beginning as a small white patch and becoming a full fledged form, and then "Yolanda" as a separate form, all while the medium was also in full view, and then dematerialization, also with the medium in full view: http://www.iapsop.com/archive/materials/medium_and_daybreak/medium_and_daybreak_september_1880_incomplete.pdf
The following testimony, from "The Medium and Daybreak", July 23 1880, p. 466, is quite extraordinary corroboration of the above exact points: http://www.iapsop.com/archive/materials/medium_and_daybreak/medium_and_daybreak_july_1880_incomplete.pdf
Other positive testimony to d'Esperance re. mental mediumship also occurs on p. 203 of "The Spiritualist", Oct. 25 1878: http://www.iapsop.com/archive/materials/spiritualist/spiritualist_v13_n17_oct_25_1878.pdf
"Professor Aksakoff published a memorandum of Mme. d'Espérance
to which it would seem too much importance has been ascribed.
Mr. Carrington has shown that if there was no fraud, fraud
was quite possible. Professor Aksakoff very loyally gives the
evidence of several persons present at this alleged dematerialization
who did not accept it as genuine, for example, the engineer,
Schonelz (p 92). The honesty of Mme. d'Espérance may very
well be admitted while supposing that by an unconscious backward
movement of her legs she may have given rise to the notion or may
have herself thought that her lower limbs were dematerialized for a time."
However, Richet also noted, "At the house of Professor E., of Christiania, in 1893, M. de Bergen arranged a series or séances with Mme. d'Espérance, in
which many distinguished persons belonging to the university, the
magistrature, and the clergy took part.
In one of these séances an extremely beautiful female form appeared calling herself Nepenthes. "She showed herself in the light at the same time as the medium, who was sitting with other persons outside the cabinet, and materialized in the midst of the circle. She plunged her hand into liquid paraffin wax, leaving a
mould of rare beauty. The modeller who made the plaster cast could not believe his eyes and spoke of sorcery, because he could not imagine how the hand could have been extricated from the wax glove.
"Nepenthes dematerialized in the midst of the circle. She
lowered her head on which her usual diadem shone, and little by
little became a luminous cloud like a human head (on which the
diadem still faintly showed) gradually fading away.""
My two cents. "Wikipedia is a Failed Experiment". http://cathicarolblog.wordpress.com/2014/02/15/wikipedia-is-a-failed-experiment/
The evidence in that area is pretty clear. For the subject of mediumship, which I am dealing with currently, on the other hand, we can get into difficult territory - as there are many contradictions. For instance - some of the anti-medium magicians have been impeached as witnesses - Houdini has been above and there is further information impeaching him to be given below. Joseph Rinn has been impeached: https://ia601200.us.archive.org/13/items/NotesonSpiritualismandPsychicalResearch/LA%20Dale%20Reviews%20Rinn%20JASPR%20XLV%201951%28April%29015.pdf
But in other cases, we are dealing with contradictory evidence from non-impeached witnesses. For Jack Webber, for instance, the magician Julien Proskauer claimed the floating trumpet of Webber was a trick - that Webber would hold a telescopic reaching rod attached to the trumpet, and sitters in his séances only believed it to have levitated because the room was so dark they could not see the rod. He claimed further that Webber would cover the rod with crepe paper as ectoplasm to disguise its real construction. Just from photographic analysis, this statement seems premature - especially when you consider the following:
The source "The Mediumship of Jack Webber" stands in conflict with this claim - p. 30 states, "To those who still may consider that the medium may possess a technique to permit his exit and entry from the fastenings normally, there is a final aspect that forbids that supposition. At the commencement of a séance, immediately after the tying, the light is put out. Within a fraction of a second one or two trumpets are in levitation encircling the sitters. As the levitation ends and the trumpets come to the floor, there is an immediate request for light. The trumpets may have moved several feet away from the medium and have come to rest well away from his chair. Frequently in most séances the trumpets are lying on the floor, in positions where it is absolutely impossible for the medium to touch them without getting out of the fastenings and reaching down to pick them up.
The almost instantaneous switching-on of the light before and after this, and other phenomena, illustrates beyond any possible doubt whatever that supernormal means must have been employed. The Guides have so perfected this rapidity of action that trumpets are often seen moving as the light goes on-and still more amazing, continuing in motion for a period while the light is on. (See the description by Colin Evans of a séance, further on in this volume.)"
and p. 44, "Every time the light was in this way flashed on suddenly, the medium was seen to be still securely roped and tied with the knots and the exact angle of the crossing loops of rope so undisturbed as to prove that he had not even been twitching restlessly as a medium in trance often does, and this within a small fraction of a second of movements of the trumpets at a distance from his body that could not have been normally manipulated unless he had been free from the ropes. His hands were empty and there was no possibility of his having concealed any mechanical device for moving the trumpets at a distance.": http://www.ghostcircle.com/ebooks/Harry%20Edwards%20-%20The%20Mediumship%20Of%20Jack%20Webber.doc
For the time being, I recommend a book I just received today, "Immortal Longings", by Trevor Hamilton. This is a scholarly work, and a defense of him, that is quite comprehensive. I have found it to be very useful.
To me, this definition seems lusciously correct, in a relativism sense..but when I mentioned it on a skeptic web site the other day...well, all hell broke loose...lol. Turns out The Pope and Dawkins are both against anti-relativism. It is a bit scary to ponder for most. I mean, aren't we supposed to live in a normative universe? (nice and tidy.)
Nandor Fodor's "Encyclopedia of Psychic Science" and "These Mysterious People" is a useful counter to some of the assault on wikipedia. Wikipedia gives the impression that he denounced ectoplasm, physical phenomena, etc. I strongly doubt this in light of some of its fraudulent citations, also the fact that Fodor endorsed Florence Cook - see the end of this: http://survivalafterdeath.info/researchers/fodor.htm
Fodor was disgusted with the attacks by Trevor Hall on Price, Crookes, and Myers. I was interested in Pearsall's source for his claim that Myers had sexual affairs with mediums he investigated - it turns out that he cites no source for this claim - it is pure innuendo. Trevor Hamilton's biography Immortal Longings: F.W.H. Myers and the Victorian Search for Life after Death refutes such allegations: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143887/
For Pierce's criticisms, these have rejoinders - see Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, vol. I:
"Criticism on Phantasms of the Living: An Examination of an Argument of Messrs. Gurney, Myers, and Podmore", n. 3, pp. 150-157. Reprinted (W 6:74–81). Followed by a response by Gurney, Edmund, "Remarks on Professor Peirce's Paper", pp. 157-179.
"Mr. Peirce’s Rejoinder", still in n. 3, pp. 180-215. Reprinted (W 6, pp. 101–141). Followed (1889 March) by a response by Gurney, Edmund, "Remarks on Mr. Peirce's Rejoinder", n. 4, pp. 286-300, followed by W. H. Myers, Frederic, "Postscript to Professor Gurney's Reply to Mr. Peirce", pp. 300-301.
All of this can be viewed in this volume - Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research - Volume 1: http://www.iapsop.com/archive/materials/aspr_proceedings/aspr_proceedings_v1_1885-1889.pdf
For Edmund Gurney's reply to A Taylor Innes, noting his errors, see "Letters on Phantasms: A Reply" (Nineteenth Century, Volume 22 (October 1887), pp. 522-533) - also available here: http://books.google.com/books?id=aDgPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA522#v=onepage&q&f=false
There it is noted the existence of cases with contemporary validation.
Regarding Edmund Parish's criticism that this was evidence for a dream state of consciousness, not the paranormal, Alan Gauld notes: "The Census had netted 350 examples of recognized visual hallucinations of living persons known to the percipients and believed by them up to that moment to be still alive (only percipients who had had no other hallucination were included). Of these 80 were death-coincidences in that they coincided within twelve hours either way with the death of the recognized individual. However it was apparent from the distribution of reported cases over time that people were much more likely to forget noncoincidental cases than coincidental ones. The Committee calculated that (after elimination of all cases occurring to percipients under the age of ten, and of all cases which might be regarded as doubtfully hallucinatory or otherwise suspect), the real number of recognised visual hallucinations could be reckoned at about 1,300 and (to be on the safe side) the number of death-coincidences at 30. They then argued that since the Registrar General’s tables showed the chance of any person taken at random dying on a given day was 1 in 19,000, the chance of any given single event, such as someone’s having a one-off hallucination of an individual known to him, coinciding with the death of that individual would also be 1 in 19,000. The actual proportion of such coincident hallucinations was about 30 in 1,300, or 440 times the predicted figure. In most of the residual 30 cases the percipients had been interviewed by members of the committee or their representatives, and the collector had no previous knowledge of the respondent’s experience. In at least 16 cases the percipient either had no reason to suppose that the decedent was unwell or no reason to suppose that his or her illness should occasion anxiety, nor were the figures seen predominantly those of elderly and presumably more vulnerable persons (A. Johnson, Review of Ueber die Trugwahrnehmung, by Edmund Parish, in Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, vol. 11, 1895, pp. 170-171; PSPR on Lexscien: Library of Exploratory Science). Occasional errors of memory came to light but were in general not such as to invalidate the basic fact of the correlation in time between hallucination and death. In a sprinkling of cases percipients had made contemporary notes of the experience, or had mentioned it to other persons before learning of the death.": http://www.henrysidgwick.com/4th-paper.1st.congress.cat.eng.html
Of the value of Gurney's work, Sommer noted, "Another important contribution to psychological knowledge by Gurney was his study of hallucinations. In 1886, he was the lead author of Phantasms of the Living, a first systematic survey of ‘telepathic’ hallucinations in the general English public. Aided by the pioneer in statistics Francis Y. Edgeworth, Gurney delivered a sophisticated treatment of the role of chance coincidence in such cases. Displaying a firm command of the relevant literature, he also discussed possible confounding psychological factors, such as prior beliefs and expectations, errors of memory and the problem of human testimony in general. One of the centre pieces of Phantasms was a masterly review of the contemporary literature on the psychology and pathology of hallucinations, based on a paper he had published two years previously in Mind.10 Gurney and his collaborators collected and scrutinised 5,705 cases of alleged ‘telepathic’ hallucinations (mostly apparitions of distant persons in a severe bodily or emotional crisis at the time of their alleged appearance to the percipient, who could have no plausible knowledge of the perceived person’s state), of which around 700 he felt were sufficiently corroborated to be included in the book. Shortly after Phantasms, Gurney initiated the SPR ‘Census of Hallucinations’, an international replication of Phantasms based on a sample of 17,000 sane persons. The international Census, which the SPR continued after Gurney’s death, was conducted with the support of the International Congress of Psychology and published by Henry Sidgwick and his colleagues in 1894.11 Independent of their conclusions regarding the prevalence of telepathic experiences, the results of Phantasms and the ‘Census of Hallucinations’ seemed to provide overwhelming evidence for the prevalence of hallucinations in the general public.12": http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143882/
I claimed that evidence seems to suggest that Mirabelli was a mixed medium - I also claimed that I would be refraining from using self-published internet sources. Yet the following, in addition to this online archive of books: http://www.spiritarchive.org/ebooks-in-english.html - is a list of useful well sourced articles: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/annetts/ark/articles_on_physical_mediumship.htm - and it's article on Mirabelli is useful in proving that contention: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/annetts/ark/mediums/c__mirabelli_physical_medium.htm
Dingwall's comment is interesting - the article quotes him thusly:
"There were also instances of Carlos dematerializing from the sealed seance room to another room, and the seals on his bonds being found untouched. When he disappeared, some of the sitters remained in the seance room while others went to search for him: 'He was soon discovered in a side room lying in an easy chair and singing to himself'.(18) It cannot go unnoticed how Dingwall mentioned that Carlos 'submitted himself to the severest tests of...investigators, passively suffered being tied and stripped, until doubt was excluded'.(19)
It was this type of activity that prompted some investigators outside Brazil to believe that Carlos's mediumship could not be ignored; Dingwall was one such person. Faced with so many reports of spectacular phenomena, witnessed by hundreds of people and sometimes photographed, an answer was clearly required. In 1930, Dingwall wrote of Carlos's mediumship in the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, the contents of which have already been cited above. He said that the phenomena was 'so extraordinary indeed that there is nothing like them in the whole range of psychical literature'. Relevant in view of what the Europeans were saying, he also argued that, 'It would be easy to condemn the man as a monstrous fraud...But I do not think that such a supposition will help even him who makes it'. Despite this, the best that Dingwall could say on his own behalf was that he could not make any decision; he said that Carlos could be a fraud and the materializations were his confederates but admitted 'confederates are human beings and human beings do not usually rise into the air, dissolve...and float about'.(20)"
It will of course be necessary to obtain dingwall's document on the case, E. J. Dingwall, 'An Amazing Case: The Mediumship of Carlos Mirabelli', JASPR, 24 (1930)
I also became aware of the alleged Krebs exposure on Slade, and would have thus mentioned it, but his credibility is weakened by what Carrington notes is his unreliability regarding Palladino: https://ia701200.us.archive.org/13/items/NotesonSpiritualismandPsychicalResearch/ReviewOfCarringtonsBookOnTheAmericanSeancesWithPalladino-CarringtonJsprVolume37_pg386to388.pdf
Carrington himself tries to debunk Slade, but I feel there are things he overlooks based on a priori views. Isaac Funk's "The Widow's Mite" has a good appraisal of this issue, substantiating my position, though he doesn't reference Carrington in this context: https://archive.org/stream/widowsmiteandot00funkgoog#page/n380/mode/2up
I will attempt an appraisal of this myself later.
"Mr. Eglinton lay on a garden bench in plain sight. We saw the bodies of four visitors form themselves from a cloud of white vapour and then walk about, robed all in purest white, upon the lawn where no deception was possible. One of them walked quite around us, as we sat in our chairs on the grass, talking as familiarly as any friend ... took my hat from my head, put it on his own, and walked off with it where the medium was lying; then he came and put it on my head again; then walked across the lawn and up a gravel walk to the foot of the balcony and talked with Mrs. Nichols. After a brief conversation he returned to the medium and gradually faded from sight."
[...]
The spiritualistic Press of the day was full of such marvels. Mr. W. H. Harrison, the editor of The Spiritualist and a Fleet Street writer on science, reported the transportation of Eglinton through the ceiling of a locked room into the room above on March 16th, 1878, at Mrs. Macdougall Gregory's house at 21 Green Street, Grosvenor Square, London. He was one of seven sitters.
"The séance was held in the drawing-room on the first floor high above the street. The shutters of all the windows of the room were closed and barred; they could not have been opened without admitting light from the street. The door was locked on the inside and the key left in the lock. The table around which all the sitters sat was about two yards from the lock and considered in the most favourable position for enabling all the sitters to gaze into the passage if the door had been opened either to a large or small extent... Mr. George Sutherland, one of the sitters, was raised, chair and all, and placed on the centre of the table, where he was seen when a light was struck. Another sitter and his chair were raised about two feet. Mr. W. H. Harrison half seriously asked if the spirits could take Mr. Colman through the ceiling by way of giving a variety of manifestation; Mrs. Fletcher and Mr. Colman then called out simultaneously that Mr. Eglinton had broken the circle and left them. Mrs. Gregory told them to join hands. About the same moment, a chair, probably Mr. Eglinton's, was heard to fall lightly on its feet, apparently some yards from the circle; and a violent bump, caused by the falling of a heavy body on the floor of the room above, caused everybody to think that Mr. Eglinton was carried through the ceiling. So a light was struck.
"From the time the remark was made about Mr. Colman to the time the light was struck, was about a minute. From the time Mr. Eglinton disjoined hands to the time the fall in the room above was heard, was probably less than ten seconds; some of the sitters, a few minutes after the event occurred, estimated it at five seconds.
"When the light was struck, Mr. Eglinton was not in the room. Mr. George Sutherland unlocked the door by turning the key which was in the lock, and it was then noticed that the passage outside was fairly illuminated by reflected light from the gas in the hall below. Mrs. Gregory and several sitters proceeded upstairs, and found Mr. Eglinton lying in a deep trance on the floor with his arms extended. This was about two minutes after he disjoined hands in the room below. In two or three minutes he revived and complained of the back of his head being hurt, as if by a blow; beyond this there was nothing the matter with him and he was as well as before in a few minutes."
Were all these people dithering imbeciles or did Eglinton actually go through the ceiling?": http://www.survivalafterdeath.info/books/fodor/chapter20.htm
I will just make the statements that with the Hodgson and Carvill Lewis exposures, fraud was strongly indicated but not proven - unconscious factors may have also been at work. But more importantly...
Here Harry Price publishes a highly balanced criticism of some of the ESP work (aspects of which can be controverted, but interesting prior to ESP After 60 Years). If the allegations of fraud against him can all be refuted, he would have been one of the best psychical researchers - Price made some very interesting commentary on the Garrett case you wrote about.
He also made a solution to a problem in early parapsychology - see his section on "Price's 'Telepatha' Cards, with Dazzle Backs": http://www.survivalafterdeath.info/articles/price/esp.htm
this problem was noted by Eric Dingwall: http://www.survivalafterdeath.info/articles/dingwall/responsibility.htm
"I was hardly prepared for what one day I found lying on a table in New York. It was, it appeared, one of the famous cards used in certain card-guessing experiments that were supposed to suggest ESP. This card was so crudely made that a mere glance at the back was sufficient to determine what was on the front. Although I knew that the cards used in the early experiments at Duke were so badly made that they were not in some cases even of the same shape, it was an additional shock to discover that some of the cards were almost transparent. Evidently some, at least, of the astonishing beyond-chance successes could easily be explained.
[...]
It might have been thought that after an exposure of this sort the ESP propagandists would have quietly repaired the damage and seen to it that no such scandal again arose. The officials of the SPR in London were, it is true, somewhat disconcerted by these discoveries and succeeded in having cards made that could not be read from the back, which at least removed one source of error. Later, however, the Society, having apparently sold their stock of the opaque cards, began selling again the packs patented by J. B. Rhine in 1937. During tests in 1960 by an SPR working group, remarkable hits in clairvoyance runs were obtained; but it soon emerged that the transparent nature of the cards offered an easy solution. The handbook supplied with the cards in 1937, which was arranged and edited by members of the Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory, is quite clear as to how the cards were to be used, and in the single card-calling test the amateur is instructed to test his ESP by having the pack in front of him and calling the cards one after another.
After the lapse of 30 years, the transparent cards are still being sold and the instructions clearly state that all handling of the cards should be screened from the subject. But on the card of instructions provided with the deck of cards it is said that in the BT (Before Touching) clairvoyance card tests the experimenter can see the cards and thus clues might unwittingly be given to the subject during a series of tests of this kind."
Price offered a design for the cards that you can clearly see that would have solved this entire problem - parapsychologists should have simply done away with the old design and adopted his - they would have saved themselves hardship in the process.
"The first line of criticism dealt with the experimental conditions. One essential requirement for an acceptable ESP experiment was that data should be collected under conditions that provide no reasonable opportunity for sensory leakage of information or inferential knowledge of the targets. Skinner (1937), Wolfle (1938), and J. L. Kennedy (1938), among others, pointed out that under certain lighting conditions the commercially produced ESP cards could be read through their reverse sides. Rhine responded that the original experiments were conducted with hand-printed ESP cards that were free from such defects and that in his more formal experiments the use of screens and distance prevented the subjects from obtaining any visual cues from the cards. Kennedy (1938), Kellogg (1936), and Leuba (1938) argued that an increase in the experimental rigor of ESP research had resulted in a corresponding decline in ESP results, suggesting that extrachance ESP scores were due to loose experimental conditions. To this Rhine responded that his most rigorously controlled experiment, the Pearce-Pratt series, did give highly significant results (Rhine et al. 1940). Although this experiment was later challenged by critic C. E. M. Hansel (1966) - with questionable success (Hansel 1980; Rhine & Pratt 1961; Stevenson 1967) - as being susceptible to fraud on the part of the subject, it was still more rigorously controlled than the other experiments in the original data base and thus supported Rhine's point. The second line of criticism related to data analysis. Willoughby (1935), Kellogg (1936), Heinlein and Heinlein (1938), Herr (1938), and Lemmon (1939) criticized various features of the statistical analysis used by Rhine and his colleagues. In particular, the criticism focused on Rhine's assumption that the binomial theorem is applicable to "closed decks," decks in which the number of times each type of card appears is not free to vary. This aspect of the methodological debate essentially ceased in 1937, when Burton Camp, President of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, stated that Rhine's "statistical analysis is essentially valid. If the Rhine investigation is to be fairly attacked it must be on other than mathematical grounds" (Camp 1937). For further details, see Burdick and Kelly (1977). It would be wrong to conclude from this, however, that Rhine's experiments were perfect and that they had conclusively eliminated every alternative explanation. In retrospect, one could suggest improvements in the experimental conditions of his experiments. But for his time, Rhine's best experiments were ahead of others in the behavioral sciences. The experimental precautions he took, including two-experimenter controls and doubleblind procedures, were rare in other disciplines at that time. Nonetheless, much of the early criticism of Rhine's experiments was helpful in progressively raising the standards of ESP research and reducing the possibility of experimental errors and artifacts."
sensory cues and motivational errors as explanations for psi. The American Psychological Association's Review Committee (1939) actually repudiated this as a viable explanation, and it is now generally accepted even among critics that fraud is the only "normal" alternative explanation for the early findings of Rhine et al. (1940) and Pratt, and Woodruff (1939)."
Chris Carter noted, in "Debating Psychic Experience", p. 82:
"The parapsychologist Charles Honorton (1975) performed a detailed statistical review of the early experiments, and came to this conclusion: By 1940 nearly one million experimental trials had been reported under conditions which precluded sensory leakage. The results were independently significant in 27 of the 33 experiments. By the end of the 1930s there was general agreement that the better-controlled ESP experiments could not be accounted for on the basis of sensory leakage. (p. 107)
There has been a widespread belief that most of the positive results came from Rhine’s laboratory at Duke University, and that most of the experiments per-formed elsewhere failed to confirm Rhine’s results (Hansel, 1980). Honorton(1975) investigated this claim, and wrote:A survey of the published literature between 1934 and 1940 fails to support this claim. [The table below] shows all the published experimental reports during this period.Inspection of this table reveals that a majority(61 percent)of the outside replications report significant results (p < .01) and that the proportion of significant studies was not significantly greater for the Duke University group. (pp. 109–110)"
Predecessors to this, like that of Coover, are unfairly attacked - Rao & Palmer note, at the end of the debate, "On to Hansel's specific points. Coover's results are in fact highly significant, if analyzed fairly (Thouless 1935; see also Coover 1939). Hansel's criticisms of the Pearce-Pratt experiment have been addressed elsewhere (e.g., Rao 1981c; Stevenson 1967)"
Criticism of popular previous work like Sinclair's "Mental Radio" is refuted by consideration of the article of Walter Franklin Prince in an addendum to that text: https://archive.org/stream/mentalradio017719mbp#page/n173/mode/2up
some have commented on Mcdougall's less than spectacular results in that case: https://archive.org/stream/mentalradio017719mbp#page/n225/mode/2up
though re McDougall, see pp. 206-207 of the text, relevant commentary by Prince: https://archive.org/stream/mentalradio017719mbp#page/n229/mode/2up
Walter Franklin Prince's aforementioned "Enchanted Boundary" dealt with the errors of previous counter-advocate research.
Which is it??
----------------------
Garrett took part in "clairvoyance" tests. One of the tests was organized by the parapsychologist Joseph Rhine at Duke University in 1933 which involved Zener cards with certain symbols placed in a sealed envelope and participants were asked to guess their contents. Garrett scored 2,433 correct hits in 10,900 cards for an average of 5.7 per 25. The chance expectation for guessing is 5 per 25 and her score was statistically significant.
Garrett claimed she performed poorly and later criticized the tests by claiming the cards lacked a psychic energy called "energy stimulus" and that she could not perform clairvoyance to order.
The parapsychologist Samuel Soal and his colleagues tested Garrett in May, 1937. Most of the experiments were carried out in the Psychological Laboratory at University College London. A total of over 12,000 guesses were recorded but Garrett failed to produce above chance level and the experiments were completely negative.
------------------
I have not been able to find the actual number of trials and hits for the latter tests.
In that same article Soal reports Rhine's (1934) experiments with Garrett. He reports for telepathy 625 trials (336 hits) for a wildly successful outcome, and for clairvoyance 3,525 trials and 888 hits, again for results more than 7 sigma from chance.
Later publications have both Soal and Rhine puzzling over the differences in their results. Both were keenly aware of critiques about sensory leakage and other cues, misrecorded data, and etc. These loopholes were reportedly closed, so Rhine's spectacular results did not appear to be due to obvious errors.